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Cubeia is also moving away from the traditional process in which a developer builds something and then hands it to QA.

In the old model, Grenstad says, the product owner decided what to build, the developer decided how to build it, QA tested it and operations eventually handled the release.

As discussed last month, QA has become part of the process rather than a final stage. Product engineers consider from the planning stage what can be automated and what needs manual testing, while QA specialists now strengthen automation and identify gaps in coverage.

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Excluding lotteries, the Gambling Commission reported that GGY rose 4.7% to £13.2 billion ($17.7 billion) between April 2025 and March 2026.

Growth was strongest online, where remote casino, betting, and bingo GGY climbed 6.9% to £8.3 billion ($11.1 billion), compared with a modest 1.1% increase across land-based sectors.

This digital expansion coincided with a continued shrinkage in physical retail. Great Britain had 8,081 licensed premises at the end of the period, down 2% year-on-year.

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The judges highlighted the number of gaming halls in the city remained largely stable after the increase. 

The court also dismissed the equal-treatment argument, noting that gaming machines are taxed by the municipality while casino taxation falls to Hesse.

Wiesbaden’s tax, set under local statute, applies to expenditure on gaming machines, and the city said the higher rate was part of its response to strained finances.